“C” Programming Language

“C” Programming Language – Complete Syllabus

1. Introduction to C

History and features of C

Structure of a C program

Writing, compiling, and executing C programs

Keywords, identifiers, constants, variables

Data types in C

Input/Output functions (printf, scanf)

2. Operators & Expressions

Arithmetic operators

Relational operators

Logical operators

Assignment operators

Increment & decrement

Conditional (ternary) operator

Bitwise operators

Operator precedence & associativity

Type conversion

3. Control Flow Statements

A. Decision-making

if, if-else, nested if

switch-case

goto (basic understanding)

B. Looping

for loop

while loop

do-while loop

Nested loops

break & continue

4. Arrays

1D arrays

2D arrays

Multidimensional arrays

Array initialization

Array operations

5. Strings

Declaration and initialization

String input/output

String functions (strlen, strcpy, strcat, strcmp, etc.)

Handling strings manually (without library functions)

6. Functions

Syntax and declaration

Function call types (call by value, call by reference)

Recursion

Scope and lifetime of variables

Storage classes: auto, extern, static, register

7. Pointers

Basics of pointers

Pointer arithmetic

Pointers and arrays

Pointers and functions

Double pointers

Pointer to string

Pointer to structure

8. Structures & Unions

Structure declaration and initialization

Nested structures

Array of structures

Structure and functions

Unions

Difference between structure and union

9. File Handling

File operations: open, close

Reading/writing text files (fgetc, fgets, fprintf, etc.)

Reading/writing binary files

File pointer functions (fseek, ftell, rewind)

10. Dynamic Memory Allocation

malloc()

calloc()

realloc()

free()

Handling memory leaks

11. Preprocessor Directives

#define, #undef

Macros

File inclusion

Conditional compilation

Header files

12. Advanced Concepts (Optional)

Command-line arguments

Enum type

Typedef

Bitfields

Error handling (errno, perror)

Introduction to data structures in C (linked list, stack, queue)